The Simulation of the TBP Curve of Thymol Essence and the Separation of Natural Components with ASPEN plus Software

Based on the analysis of GCMASS device, the components of the type of Thymol essence prepared from Nishabour maintains, consist of five main components namely, ?-Pinene, ?-Terpinene, P-Cymene, ?-Terpinene, and Thymol, each of which has the percentage of 1.118, 3.831, 25.815, 14.771, and 54.465 respectively in the essence. Moreover, based on the experiment, the boiling point curve for this essence was achieved, and according to the results of the analysis of the boiling point curve, the simulation for this complex mixture for achieving the characteristics of the essence was done. The simulation of the separation unit of the main components in the pressure range of 44KPa to 101.3KPa showed that with the increase of the pressure, Thymol mole fraction increases from 0.9399 to 0.9496 in the product of the bottom of the distillation column. With the increase of the total pressure of the distillation column from 44KPa to 101.3KPa, the minimum of the return reflux decreases from 17.7 to 13.93. Keywords: Simulation; TBP; Thymol Essence; Separation; ASPEN plu

Modeling of Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Data for Thyme Essential Oil Based on UNIQUAC Thermodynamic Model

Vapor Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) data for natural ingredients and essential oils has not studied at all yet. It is because of the complexity of these mixtures. In this study, the equilibrium concentration of the mixture components was studied by using UNIQUAC model at different pressures. This model is capable of determining the temperature between 70°C to 170°C and the pressure limits 30 Kpa to 202 Kpa. The Modeling results showed Thymol in the liquid phase was increased from 50% molar to 90% molar in constant pressure by increasing the temperature from bubble point to dew point temperature. Thymol concentration in the liquid phase was increased from 42% molar to 78% molar by increasing the water concentration of the mixture at a constant pressure of 100 Kpa and constant temperature 177°C. Another obtaining result showed that Thymol concentration in the triple mixture, which includes 30% molar water, 35% molar Thymol, and 35% molar Cymene in liquid phase, was increased from 60% molar to 82% molar at constant temperature of 177°C by decreasing the pressure from 100 Kpa to 20 Kpa.   KEYWORDS: Essential oil, VLE, UNIQUAC, Modelin

The Distillation of Thymus Vulgaris Essence to Demonstrate TBP Curve

Based on a research project on Shirazi Thymus of the Eksir Gol Sorkh company, the essence of this Thymus included five main components, which based on the results gained from GC device, there are 5 main components in this Thymus namely ?-Pinene, ?-Terpinene, P-Cymen, ?-Terpinen, and Thymol, each of which has a percentage as follows 1.118, 3.831, 25.815, 14.771, and 54.465. With increasing the amount of Distillation, more Thymol can be achieved, and in this experiment, the amount of Thymol increases 18 percent to 92 percent. With passing of 81min from the 170 degrees Celsius, the temperature of essence solution, which is a stable 250 degrees Celsius in Heating (Oil/sand) bath, reaches 240 degrees Celsius. With an increase in the volume of Distillation material, the output water of condenser reaches up to 22.7 degrees Celsius from 21.9 degrees Celsius in such a way that incoming cold-water temperature has increased up to 21.9 degrees Celsius from 21.4 degrees Celsius by passing of time. In TBP diagram, with an increase in Distillation volume from 2 percent to 72 percent, the boiling temperature of Thymus essence solution has reached 240 degrees Celsius from 160 degrees Celsius. KEYWORDS: Distillation; Thymus; TBP; G

Therapeutic Vascular Compliance Change May Cause Significant Variation in Coronary Perfusion: A Numerical Study

In some pathological conditions like aortic stiffening and calcific aortic stenosis (CAS), the microstructure of the aortic root and the aortic valve leaflets are altered in response to stress resulting in changes in tissue thickness, stiffness, or both. This aortic stiffening and CAS are thought to affect coronary blood flow. The goal of the present paper was to include the flow in the coronary ostia in the previous fluid structure interaction model we have developed and to analyze the effect of diseased tissues (aortic root stiffening and CAS) on coronary perfusion. Results revealed a significant impact on the coronary perfusion due to a moderate increase in the aortic wall stiffness and CAS (increase of the aortic valve leaflets thickness). A marked drop of coronary peak velocity occurred when the values of leaflet thickness and aortic wall stiffness were above a certain threshold, corresponding to a threefold of their normal value. Consequently, mild and prophylactic treatments such as smoking cessation, exercise, or diet, which have been proven to increase the aortic compliance, may significantly improve the coronary perfusion

Application of Electric Field to Developing Falling Films using Wire-Plate Electrode Configuration- An Experimental Study

Experimental investigation of Electrohydrodynamic developing falling film flow of transformer oil has been conducted within an inclined rectangular channel and hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow have been revealed. The electric field has been generated by five overhead thin wire electrodes connected to the positive high DC voltage on the air and the grounded plate electrodes which are placed upon the floor of the channel. It is the first time that the wavy behavior on a liquid falling film's interface has been created by this electrode configuration. A non-intrusive method has been used to measure the local flow structure by a high-speed camera, then statistical characteristics of the wavy falling film have been computed by image processing of the captured video frames. By applying 13-16 kV to the wire electrodes, the influence of EHD force on the wavy behavior of falling film has been conducted for Reynolds number 10-120 in the laminar-wavy regime at three different inclination angles 15◦, 30◦ and 45°. The vertical distance of the high-voltage wire electrodes to ground electrodes has been set to 14 mm. The liquid velocity, film thickness, and wave frequency have been measured for non-electrified and electrified falling film, and their results have been evaluated with other experimental studies and an acceptable agreement has been obtained. The results indicate that the proposed HV wire-grounded plate electrode configuration in this study does not disturb the original structure of the falling film and by intensifying the wavy behavior of laminar falling film can either suppress or enhance heat/mass transfer rate. The effects of the applied voltage on the frequency, velocity and film thickness of the falling liquid film have been also discussed in detail

Fluid-structure interaction simulation of prosthetic aortic valves : comparison between immersed boundary and arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian techniques for the mesh representation

In recent years the role of FSI (fluid-structure interaction) simulations in the analysis of the fluid-mechanics of heart valves is becoming more and more important, being able to capture the interaction between the blood and both the surrounding biological tissues and the valve itself. When setting up an FSI simulation, several choices have to be made to select the most suitable approach for the case of interest: in particular, to simulate flexible leaflet cardiac valves, the type of discretization of the fluid domain is crucial, which can be described with an ALE (Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian) or an Eulerian formulation. The majority of the reported 3D heart valve FSI simulations are performed with the Eulerian formulation, allowing for large deformations of the domains without compromising the quality of the fluid grid. Nevertheless, it is known that the ALE-FSI approach guarantees more accurate results at the interface between the solid and the fluid. The goal of this paper is to describe the same aortic valve model in the two cases, comparing the performances of an ALE-based FSI solution and an Eulerian-based FSI approach. After a first simplified 2D case, the aortic geometry was considered in a full 3D set-up. The model was kept as similar as possible in the two settings, to better compare the simulations' outcomes. Although for the 2D case the differences were unsubstantial, in our experience the performance of a full 3D ALE-FSI simulation was significantly limited by the technical problems and requirements inherent to the ALE formulation, mainly related to the mesh motion and deformation of the fluid domain. As a secondary outcome of this work, it is important to point out that the choice of the solver also influenced the reliability of the final results

Evidence Based Development of a Novel Lateral Fibula Plate (VariAx Fibula) Using a Real CT Bone Data Based Optimization Process During Device Development

Development of novel implants in orthopaedic trauma surgery is based on limited datasets of cadaver trials or artificial bone models. A method has been developed whereby implants can be constructed in an evidence based method founded on a large anatomic database consisting of more than 2.000 datasets of bones extracted from CT scans. The aim of this study was the development and clinical application of an anatomically pre-contoured plate for the treatment of distal fibular fractures based on the anatomical database

Upgraded reduction technique for dynamic analysis of structures with friction contact

A recent reduction technique for the nonlinear forced response analysis of structures with contact interfaces is upgraded. The evaluations of the existing method (Dual formulation), which is based on dual Craig-Bampton method, show its considerable off-line computational time saving because of no matrix manipulation, whereas the resulting reduced model is less accurate than Rubin's in approximating the full finite element model. The accuracy of this formulation is significantly improved with a low additional computational cost in the proposed upgraded formulation. That is obtained by consistent projection of all structural matrices on a reduction basis made up of two sets of vectors: free-interface normal modes and residual flexibility attachment modes. Assembly approach can be considered as dual because the interface forces are kept as generalized coordinates in opposition to primal methods, where interface displacements are retained. To reduce the computational cost, the nonlinear governing equations are also solved in frequency domain using the multiharmonic balance method and alternating frequency time method. Contact elements are introduced between adjacent interface nodes to find the nonlinear contact forces. The performance of the new formulation is demonstrated through two numerical models with friction contact

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10.1007/978-3-642-12098-5_33Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)5982 LNCSPART 2392-39